To this end, flow cytometry data show a significant increase in the M1 markers (CD11c, IL-1β, and IL-6) and decrease in the M2 markers (CD206, CD163, and IL-4) under persistent hyperglycemia as well as RIH/glucose fluctuations as compared to normoglycemic control (Figure 2A); however, under hypoglycemia, only the CD11c expression was found to be significantly elevated compared to normoglycemic controls (Figure 2A). This evidence concerns the gene IL4 and Hyperglycemia.