Interestingly, IRF5 expression was also upregulated in macrophages that were cultured under the RIH or glucose fluctuations as compared to normoglycemic control (p = 0.02), which was comparable (p > 0.05) to IRF5 expression under the persistent hyperglycemia at 15 mM/L and 25 mM/L concentrations. This evidence concerns the gene IRF5 and Hyperglycemia.