Moreover, the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines like TNF-α, IL-6, and MCP-1 promotes JNK, IKK-β/NF-κB, and inducible iNOS pathways, further enhancing the inflammatory process induced by obesity, facilitating the development of insulin resistance [14,184]. This evidence concerns the gene TNF and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency.