VCAM1 and neoplasm: IRI-induced inflammatory cytokines, including TNF-α or IL-1, may promote the development of metastases in several types of cancer cells via the expression of adhesion molecules (e.g., e-selectin, ICAM-1, and vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1)), which act as mediators for tumour growth [34,35,36].