INS and adiponectin deficiency: Reduction of adiponectin plays a central role in CMS because it is positively associated with insulin sensitivity [61] and shows anti-atherogenic and anti-inflammatory properties; according to numerous epidemiological studies, hypoadiponectinemia (adiponectin deficiency) is additionally associated with CVDs such as hypertension, coronary artery disease, and LV hypertrophy [62].