TNF and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency: In the liver of obesity, the resident immune cells such as macrophages (Kupffer cells) and dendritic cells produce proinflammatory chemokines and cytokines, including monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in response to hepatocellular damage [10–12].