TNF and cancer: These pathways are responsible for increasing the expression of antiapoptotic protein (X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein/XIAP), increasing systematic inflammation (tumor necrosis factor-α/TNF-α; interleukin-6/IL-6), and promoting angiogenic factors (vascular endothelial growth factor/VEGF and hypoxia-inducible factor-1α/HIF-1α) which foster cancer cell survival, proliferation, and migration.