BMAL1 and Hyperglycemia: CLPr-increased plasma insulin and GLP-1 levels are involved in the decreased expression of Bmal1 at ZT3, because it is reported that the circadian rhythm of Bmal1 is in parallel with the plasma insulin and GLP-1 levels.(42) Function of Bmal1 in the liver is important to buffering the circulating glucose level in a time-of-day dependent manner, and contributes to systemic glucose homeostasis.(43) On the other hand, we previously reported that a single oral administration of CLPr suppressed postprandial hyperglycemia through both GLP-1 and AMPK pathways.