Because RLP23 is required for the perception of nlp peptides derived from NLPs and the subsequent activation of immunity26, next we investigated whether the reduced immunity against B. cinerea observed in the rlp23 mutants is related to the RLP23-dependent recognition of NLP proteins secreted by B. cinerea. It was previously reported that B. cinerea secretes two types of NLPs, i.e., BcNEP1 and BcNEP2, during infection of tomato (Fig. 3)12. This evidence concerns the gene NINL and infection.