Esposito et al., noticed a significant decrease of plasma myostatin (associated by the authors with improvement of malnutrition status) after online hemodiafiltration (HDF) with no changes after bicarbonate hemodialysis (BHD) [181], while further studies showed a significant and comparable decrease of plasma myostatin levels after HD and HDF, and HDF and BHD, accordingly [84,182]. The gene discussed is MSTN; the disease is nutritional deficiency disease.