VCAM1 and endothelial dysfunction: This experimental model demonstrated endothelial dysfunction, manifested by the inflammatory cytokine TNF-α as well as by adhesion molecules that are indicators of endothelial damage, such as ICAM-1 (87.6%, 122 ± 9 vs 65 ± 5, p < 0.0001) and VCAM-1 (29.4% 110 ± 10 vs 85 ± 2, p < 0.05) (Table 2, Fig. 2c, d).