Heavy alcohol use appears to associate with the development of HPV-negative OPSCC, and even light drinking appears to increase the risk of developing OPSCC.42 A study on hepatocellular carcinoma showed that alcohol consumption invigorates the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway, stimulating hepatocyte proliferation and promoting carcinogenesis.43 In addition, a study by Christopher et al.44 found that alcohol stimulates the expression of vimentin in breast and colon cancer cells. Here, VIM is linked to malignant colon neoplasm.