APEX1 and infection: Moreover, it showed that the higher tolerance of A. arguta to Psa and Pfm seems to be related with an early pathogen recognition, with gene Pto3 being upregulated from an early moment after plant infection, leading to the activation of plant antioxidant system (namely regarding SOD, APX and CAT transcriptional levels) and to the suppression of genes related with ET and JA pathways shortly after infection.