IL4 and diabetes mellitus: Diabetes induced neuroinflammation in the hippocampus, with high levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines including IL-6 and TNF-α (F = 14.96, p < 0.05; F = 11.53, p < 0.05) and low levels of anti-inflammatory cytokines including IL-4 and IL-10 (F = 13.48, p < 0.05; F = 12.15, p < 0.05), and SL treatment decreased the levels of IL-6 and TNF-α (F = 11.35, p < 0.05; F = 14.82, p < 0.05; Figures 5A,B), and increased the levels of IL-4 and IL-10 in the hippocampus of the DM rats (F = 10.27, p < 0.05; F = 12.36, p < 0.05; Figures 5C,D).