In addition to the signaling pathways involved in the imbalance between bone formation and resorption in osteoporosis, such as Wingless/Integrated (Wnt) pathway, Bone morphogenetic protein/Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog (BMP/Smad) pathway, RANKL/RANK pathway and TNF-α pathway 117, the mTOR pathway mediated autophagy (Figure 5) also regulates the regenerative function of MSCs to control the development of postmenopausal osteoporosis 118. The gene discussed is MTOR; the disease is osteoporosis.