INS and Insulin resistance: In the present study, we utilized three distinct models of insulin resistance (high-fat diet, HFD) fed streptozotocin (STZ)-treated rats, insulin-resistant C2C12 cells, and dexamethasone (DEX)-treated mice to examine whether insulin resistance is mediated by the association of GR with PI3K and whether HGSD-treatment attenuates insulin resistance in these models.