TNF and pulmonary tuberculosis: In general, unstimulated cervical lymph nodes from patients with TBLN exhibited up-regulated transcripts related to viral defense, inflammatory response, toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling, tumor necrosis factor (TNF) signaling, and Th1-associated pathways compared to lymph nodes from healthy controls or patients with pulmonary TB only, TB meningitis, or lymph node cancer [64, 65].