TNF and COVID-19: As the clinical course of COVID-19 progresses, patients enter a hyperinflammatory phase with dysregulation of adaptive immune responses and a cytokine storm with elevation in plasma levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines including interleukins (IL) 2,6, 7, and 10, granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF), interferon-gamma-inducible protein-10 (IFN-gamma, IL-10), and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha).