NPPB and heart failure: *Statistically significant; + plus-minus standard deviation; ¶ Heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (EF <50%); † Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (EF >50%); § BNP: Brain natriuretic peptide; ‡ High-risk qSOFA (≥2 of 3 features that include respiratory rate >22, systolic blood pressure (SBP) <100, and altered mental status) suggests a high risk of poor outcomes in patients with suspected infection