A 2019 report by the Health Care Cost Institute (https://www.healthcostinstitute.org/research/publications/entry/spending-on-individuals-with-type-1-diabetes-and-the-role-of-rapidly-increasing-insulin-prices) estimates that the 2016 average annual health-care spending for a person with T1D was $18,494 and this does not include indirect costs. This evidence concerns the gene INS and diabetes mellitus.