Pro-inflammatory cytokines are generated mainly by activated macrophages and they perform a significant role in the up-regulation of inflammatory reactions.33 TNFα acts in the response to tissue damage or infection by evoking inflammation, recruiting lymphocytes and monocytes to the infection sites, and stimulating endothelial cells to display adhesion molecules and release chemokines.34 The cytokine protein IL-1β is responsible for enrolling the inflammatory cells by inducing adhesion molecules on endothelial cells and the release of chemokines by stromal cells. Here, TNF is linked to infection.