However, for several genes whose expressions were suppressed by DWV infection (including pgrps2 and cactus1 in the Toll signaling pathway, kenny in the Imd pathway, and the AMPs abaecin and defensin-2, and prophenoloxidase-activating enzyme (PPOact), and Lysozyme-1 (Lys-1)), the inhibitory effect could still be prevented significantly by a caffeine diet prior to infection (Figure 4D). This evidence concerns the gene ADSL and infection.