Cao et al. [189] reported increased PVT1 lncRNA expression in human AF atrial biopsies and furthermore they demonstrate a role for PVT1 enhancing atrial fibroblast proliferation and collagen deposition by sponging miR-128-3p that in turn promoted Tgfb/Smads signaling. This evidence concerns the gene TGFB1 and atrial fibrillation.