TXNDC5 and Myocardial fibrosis: Recent study showed ER protein thioredoxin containing domain 5 (TXNDC5) augmented myocardial fibrosis by facilitating extracellular matrix protein folding [38], in line with their findings, we observed that increased TGFβ1, αSMA and type I collagen protein expression was accompanied with significant increased TXNDC5 protein expression (5.3-fold increase when compared with control group), and nHNK treatment led to significantly reduction of TXNDC5 (Figure 7A, Figure S4).