Serum levels of PIVKA-II and AFP and the serum γ-GT/ALT ratio in patients with HCC who were positive for HBV DNA were higher than those in patients with CHB who were positive for HBV DNA (P < 0.001, P < 0.001, P < 0.001, respectively; Fig. 4A–C). Here, AFP is linked to hepatocellular carcinoma.