The observation (Fig. 4c) that B-Raf is present at the ring-stage but appears to be degraded in trophozoite- and schizont-infected RBCs is consistent with a thorough modulation of host erythrocyte signalling pathways during infection, not only through activation/inactivation of enzymes by phosphorylation, but also through affecting the abundance of specific signalling elements. The gene discussed is BRAF; the disease is infection.