In 2019, Yohko Yoshida et al. developed a Sema3E peptide vaccine that led to the generation of neutralizing antibodies for Sema3E, and thus suppressed visceral adipose tissue inflammation and systemic glucose intolerance, suggesting that Sema3E peptide vaccine has therapeutic potential for obesity and diabetes [73]. Here, SEMA3E is linked to obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency.