Among the genes encoding these five important proteins, four genes, ACX, CAD, GST and RPM1, were significantly up-regulated in the M. graminicola-highly resistant rice accession Khao Pahk Maw (Figure 6C) after infection of nematodes (Figure 6B,C), in contrast to the expression in the roots of susceptible rice NPB under infection conditions (Figure 6A,B). The gene discussed is CAD; the disease is infection.