RAF1 and adrenal cortex carcinoma: Tyrosine phosphorylation of IRS-1 activates the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase(PI3K)/serine/threonine protein kinase B (Akt) and mammalian target of rapamycin(mTOR) pathway as well as the Ras/Raf/mitogen-activated protein kinase (MEK)/extracellular signal-related kinase (ERK) pathways, potentiating cellular proliferation and viability in ACC cell models [44].