Additionally, Soares et al. showed that the combination treatment of granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor secreting PDA vaccine (GVAX) and PD-1 inhibitor significantly upregulated PD-L1 expression and improved survival compared with GVAX monotherapy or PD-1 inhibitor monotherapy [44]. This evidence concerns the gene PDCD1 and Patent ductus arteriosus.