TNF and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency: Both SAT and VAT highly expressed TNFα, IL‐1β, and IL‐6, which was strongly reduced after successful weight loss.(23, 28) Similarly, adiponectin and leptin (prototypic immunomodulatory adipokines) are critically involved in AT inflammation and obesity‐related disorders.(29) Collectively, these studies highlight the importance of cellular, cytokine, adipokine.