In humans, SCFP are inclined to have an overall anti-inflammatory effect, reducing the symptoms of allergic rhinitis (Moyad et al., 2009), cold/flu infection (Moyad et al., 2008, 2010), and histamine-induced skin inflammation (Jensen et al., 2015); however, acute SCFP treatment results in the increased activation of circulating immune cells and increased serum IFNγ concentrations (Jensen et al., 2011). Here, IFNG is linked to influenza.