Our findings show that PPT1 inhibition likely augments tumor immunity by at least 3 means: by causing an M2 to M1 macrophage polarization switch, by reducing the number of MDSCs in the tumor microenvironment, and by inducing IFN-β release from macrophages that stimulates T cell–mediated killing (Figure 6H). This evidence concerns the gene IFNB1 and neoplasm.