NPPB and atrial fibrillation: NT-proBNP, like BNP, is released from cardiomyocytes undergoing wall stress or ischemia and, therefore, it is a known indicator of heart failure, atrial fibrillation, acute coronary syndromes, and cardiovascular mortality (McDonagh et al. 2004; Galvani et al. 2004; Ponikowski et al. 2016; Wang et al. 2004; Ulimoen et al. 2009).