Human RNAs are modified in many ways (e.g., 5-methylcytosine, N6-methyladenosine, N1-methyladenosine, pseudouridine, etc.)(48), and disruptions of the proteins involved in adding, removing, or binding to these chemical marks are being identified in human cancers (49), such as the ribosomal RNA modifiers DKC1 (50) and NSUN5 (51). Here, DKC1 is linked to cancer.