DDB1 and HIV-1 infection: The biochemical mechanisms mediating Vpr function in HIV-1 infection are mainly related to Vpr ability to usurp the Cul4-DDB1[VprBP] E3 ubiquitin ligase complex comprising the Cullin 4 (Cul4) scaffold, DDB1 linker protein, DDA1 core subunit [7], and DCAF1 substrate receptor [8, 9], to which Vpr binds [10].