TNF and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency: For example, there is an increase in M1 macrophages associated with obesity, which may be responsible for the secretion of pro‐inflammatory cytokines such as TNF and IL‐6 (Domingues‐Faria, Vasson, Goncalves‐Mendes, Boirie, & Walrand, 2016; Zhang et al., 2013).