TNF and coronary artery disorder: Bolez et al. demonstrated that increased plasma level of INF-γ, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), IL-1β, and IL-8 cytokines, as well as reduced secretion of IL-2 from activated T-cells and IL-4 from T helper cells (Th2 type), is a characteristic of coronary artery ectasia, a kind of CAD distinguished by at least 1.5-fold expansion of the artery [22].