On the other hand, the observed lack of effect in our healthy control group is not in accordance with studies reporting increased insulin resistance in healthy and obese individuals [9, 67–69]; however, it was in line with other studies reporting that Ramadan fasting enhanced insulin resistance [45, 53] and with other studies reporting that Ramadan fasting had no effect/change in trained young men as compared to pre-Ramadan [7]. Here, INS is linked to Insulin resistance.