On the other hand, leptin and LAR were significantly increased by Ramadan fasting in Type 2 DM, FDRs, and healthy control groups, which might also be attributed to the changes in sleeping patterns, with a complete reversal of the sleep vs. wake cycle, whereby this sleep disturbance/sleeping quality is considered as a stressor leading to hypercortisolism. Here, LEP is linked to adrenal gland hyperfunction.