Although the role of adenosine signaling in tumor immunity is different from that in immune cells, the antagonist of the adenosine receptor 8-cyclopentyl-1,3-dipropylxanthine (DPCPX) has demonstrated synergistic effect with PD-1 antibody in melanoma and non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) (94). The gene discussed is PDCD1; the disease is non-small cell lung carcinoma.