IL6 and Alzheimer disease: IL-1 induces AChE protein and mRNA expression and increases AChE enzyme activity, which exacerbates cholinergic decline and dysfunction in AD [93]; IL-6 is generally almost undetectable in the adult central nervous system, but it is strongly induced under pathological conditions [94]; TNF-α is a common pro-inflammatory cytokine whose biological effects include stimulating acute-phase reactions and cytotoxicity; COX-2 helps mediate prostaglandins and the production of other inflammatory factors, which itself is regulated by pro-inflammatory mediators [95].