ARHGEF15 and neoplasm: In this context, our group, previously pointed out the possible cooperative role of LMP1 and/or EBNA1 genes of EBV as well as E5 and E6/E7 genes of high-risk HPVs in the initiation and/or progression of different types of human carcinomas via the EMT event [47]. In the present study, EBV +/HPV + showed positive correlation with advanced tumor stage (p = 0.035), however, no positive association was found with tumor grade (p = 0.4); thus, lack of association between the co-presence of these oncoviruses and tumor grade can be due to the relatively small sample size.