We examined PD-L1 expression in tumor tissues and found that 38.6% (239/619) of patients were positive for tumoral PD-L1, 50.1% (310/619) of patients were positive for inflammatory cell PD-L1 and 2.4% (15/619) of patients were positive for adjacent normal cell PD-L1 (Fig. 1a; Supplementary Table 1). Here, CD274 is linked to neoplasm.