TNF and preeclampsia: To examine the role of TNF-α and miR-31/155 in EPC dysfunction in preeclamptic patients, PBMNCs were isolated from healthy and preeclamptic subjects, transfected with or without miR-31/155 inhibitors, and cultured in autologous serum in the presence or absence of a human TNF-α-neutralizing antibody as an in vivo model of preeclampsia (Fig. 2a).