The causal networks identifying VGF provide a context that can aid in understanding mechanisms of action for genes such as VGF. When identifying subnetworks across all three MSBB AD BNs comprised of nodes within a path length of 2 of VGF (Fig. 8a), we note that Aβ and other AD genes, such as HSPB1, CLU, MAOB, RPH3A, FOSB, and BDNF (Supplementary Tables 3 and 4), are either directly connected to VGF or only one path length away. Here, VGF is linked to Alzheimer disease.