TNF and liver dysplastic nodule: Inflammation is involved in the pathogenesis of DN through various proinflammatory cytokines, including interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-18 (IL-18), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α).