Several molecules targeting NRPs are in development: (i) anti-NRP1 antibodies such as the MNRP1685A that has to be optimized to improve the therapeutic window and to decrease its toxic effects; (ii) cyclic, rigid or pseudo-peptides developed by optimizing the sequence ATWLPPR, mimicking the VEGF C-terminal domain interacting with NRP1; (iii) non-peptidic inhibitors such as NRPa-308 that exerts anti-cancer effects in triple negative breast cancer (Liu et al., 2018) and which is currently tested in ccRCC. Here, NRP1 is linked to nonpapillary renal cell carcinoma.