The signature genes in the Mes molecular subtype are frequently referred to in literature as the signature genes of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) because the same genes can be upregulated in epithelial cells in cell culture upon induction of EMT, i.e., by knockout of E-cadherin (Onder et al., 2008), overexpression of Twist (Yang et al., 2004), and exposure of epithelial cancer cells to TGFβ or conditioned media from cancer-associated fibroblasts (Beach et al., 2016). Here, TWIST1 is linked to cancer.