The abundance of p-IRE1α, TRAF2, and p-ASK1 in ASK1 immunoprecipitates was significantly increased in the hippocampus of db/db mice compared to those in db/m mice (Figures 5A–D), indicating that diabetes enhances the formation of IRE1α–TRAF2–ASK1 complex in the hippocampus. This evidence concerns the gene MAP3K5 and diabetes mellitus.