TNF and colitis: Recent animal studies have demonstrated that thalidomide is effective in the management of CD-like TNBS-induced colitis in rats due to the suppression and downregulation of NF-κB, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-12, VEGF, endothelial adhesion molecules, and proinflammatory chemokines and upregulation of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 [10–12].