NFKB1 and cancer: TNF-α is a cytokine, which exerts a dual role in immunomodulation (inflammation, immune surveillance, and hematopoiesis) and tumorigenesis [60], while the transcription factor, NFκβ, regulates proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α and IL-1), and it has a pathogenic function in cancer and inflammation [61, 62].